Human Digital Twin Initiatives

This study provides a review of the Human Digital Twin (HDT) initiatives from the United States, European Union and international organizations. The aim is to characterize the context, progress, scope, and scale of their initiative and programs. The study utilized a literature search to identify global and national-level efforts germane to human performance optimization and medicine. The results of the study show that the global team for the HDT is still at the forming stage of team development. Teams are focused on either pre-injury and disease or post injury and disease HDT applications. The HDT programs, projects, and prototypes are intended for human performance professionals and medical teams. Progress continues in networking sensors, rendering data in multiple modalities, and integrating mechanistic and statistical models across disciplines and scales. However, gaps in foundational knowledge of human biology remains while consensus on future directions emerges with international collaboration. These findings are useful for information system architects and designers to understand the requirements for developing fit for purpose HDTs.